Alzheimer’s Disease: The Leading Type of Dementia

Alzheimer's disease is the leading type of dementia, affecting an estimated 6.9 million people in the United States.¹ This condition is driven by the buildup of harmful proteins—amyloid plaques and tau tangles—in the brain. Over time, these proteins cause brain tissue to shrink, particularly in areas responsible for memory and thinking. The hippocampus, often referred to as the brain’s control center, is one of the first regions to be affected, leading to the progressive worsening of symptoms.²

Alzheimer’s Disease Stages and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Alzheimer’s disease generally progresses through three stages: early (mild), middle (moderate), and late (severe). Throughout these stages, symptoms often plateau temporarily, leading to a gradual decline rather than the abrupt changes commonly seen in vascular dementia. Most individuals affected by Alzheimer’s are over the age of 65, a time when signs of normal cognitive aging often begin to appear.³ These early symptoms can closely resemble those of Alzheimer’s, making early detection more challenging. Mild memory lapses and difficulties with complex tasks are common in both normal aging and early-stage Alzheimer’s. However, by the middle stage of the disease, cognitive decline, daily life disruptions, and behavioral changes become far more pronounced than what is typically seen in aging.⁴ Understanding these subtle differences between normal aging and Alzheimer’s can aid in early detection. Proactive steps, such as requesting cognitive screenings during annual check-ups and obtaining a baseline evaluation, can help track changes in cognitive function over time.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is characterized by noticeable changes in memory and cognitive abilities that extend beyond normal aging, though not severe enough to interfere with daily life.5 While MCI is not classified as a form of dementia, individuals with MCI are at a higher risk of developing dementia later on. Frequently viewed as a precursor to Alzheimer’s, MCI plays a critical role in early detection. However, it’s important to note that not all cases of MCI will progress to Alzheimer’s.⁶

Early-Onset Alzheimer’s disease and Familial Alzheimer’s disease

Although less common, Alzheimer’s disease can affect individuals under the age of 65. Known as early-onset Alzheimer’s, this form can develop as early as age 45 and is influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors.⁷ At this stage in life, many individuals are balancing family responsibilities and career demands, making the challenges of early-onset Alzheimer’s particularly unique and complex. While a strong support system is crucial in any form of dementia, it is especially vital for those facing the unique difficulties of early-onset Alzheimer’s.

A very rare form of early-onset Alzheimer’s is Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD), which is caused by specific genetic mutations. For individuals with a strong family history of FAD, genetic testing can be an important tool for understanding their risk and detecting potential symptoms earlier.⁸

The Role of Social Interaction in Alzheimer’s Management

Until recent years, the impact of social interaction on brain health has been largely overlooked. However, emerging research has demonstrated that social engagement not only helps to prevent and delay the onset of dementia-related conditions but also plays a crucial role in managing symptoms after diagnosis.⁹ The value of a strong support network and active social life for individuals with any form of dementia cannot be overstated. Social isolation, by contrast, often accelerates cognitive decline and exacerbates the progression of the disease. Fostering meaningful connections and maintaining regular social activities are vital strategies for enhancing quality of life and slowing the progression of dementia.¹⁰

Lowering Your Risk and Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

While the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease cannot be fully guaranteed, there are proactive steps you can take to lower your risk. Engaging in both physical and mental exercise—such as word games, puzzles, and regular aerobic activity—adopting a diet low in sodium, refined sugars, and red meat and managing stress levels are all effective strategies to reduce or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s.¹¹ Additionally, staying proactive with annual check-ups, advocating for cognitive screenings, and establishing your cognitive baseline are crucial for early detection and better management of Alzheimer’s. Identifying changes in cognitive function early allows for more effective interventions and planning.¹²

Alzheimer’s disease presents profound challenges for both individuals and their families. However, ongoing advancements in research, technology, and medicine offer increasing hope for better management, earlier detection, and a deeper understanding of the disease. With continued progress, the future holds the promise of improved treatments and, ultimately, the possibility of overcoming the overwhelming effects of Alzheimer’s.

If you or a loved one is affected by dementia and would like to connect with others, consider joining our virtual support group, Caregiver Conversations. For more general information and resources, please visit Alzheimer’s Texas or call our 24/7 Helpline at (512) 241-0420.

Austin McKee, MSSW, is the Helpline Specialist and Content Creator at Alzheimer’s Texas. With a Master of Science in Social Work, Austin has extensive experience in geriatric care, including social support and engagement, end-of-life care, and caregiver support. She is passionate about bridging the gap between generations, fostering mutual understanding, and helping people recognize the inherent value and purpose in individuals of all ages, regardless of physical or cognitive changes.

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